P-value
The probability of data at least as extreme as observed, if the null hypothesis is true.
A p-value is the probability of obtaining a test result at least as extreme as the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A small p-value (commonly below 0.05) is treated as evidence against the null hypothesis. Crucially, a p-value is NOT the probability that the hypothesis is true, and it says nothing about effect size — always report it alongside the magnitude and context of the result.